Showing posts with label Moldova. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Moldova. Show all posts

Strategies to Combat and Prevent Trafficking

Strategies to Combat and Prevent Trafficking

Prostitution is illegal, but the crime of trafficking of women for sexual enterprise is not recognized under Moldovan law.
  •  The government has expressed its belief that the trafficking of women for the sex industries is not a phenomenon that affects Moldova, regardless of the number of Moldovans who leave the country on a regular basis.
When the state is motivated to fight trafficking, laws are enacted and legislation ratified to facilitate criminal justice system cooperation, and research is conducted to highlight the causes of trafficking.

All of this can contribute to reducing the number of women trafficked for the purpose of sexual enterprise, but without a solid legal base, judicial responsibilities, and governmental accountability, attempts to fight this form of trafficking are futile



Effective Approaches
At present in Moldova, nongovernmental agencies seem to be doing most of the advocacy and educational work regarding the trafficking of women.

Agencies such as International Center for Women Rights Protection and Promotion, La Strada, work diligently on the issue of trafficking in women.
  •  La Strada Moldova forms one part of the La Strada Network, which comprises nine organizations implementing the La Strada Programme of Prevention of Traffic in Women in Central and Eastern Europe.
  •  La Strada Moldova works to educate people about the dangers of traveling abroad for work and about the realities of prostitution and cafĂ© employment, to prevent trafficking of women, to facilitate media contact and political lobbying, to assist in the safe return of trafficked women, and to provide social assistance and the reintegration of women who have been trafficked and returned home.
The International Organization for Migration is an intergovernmental body with offices worldwide that assists people in migrating safely.
  •  The International Organization for Migration is also involved in education and prevention campaigns concerning the trafficking of women and works to assist in the safe return of trafficked women to their home countries or to third countries for the purpose of resettlement.
  • Within each of this agency’s programs are units that advocate the legal creation of funding for telephone hotlines, information media campaigns, programs to support  education, and victim assistance measures such as community reintegration, resettlement, educational training, and medical and psychological care.
Unfortunately for countries such as Moldova, limited acknowledgement of the problem from its national government makes funding of these programs a constant battle.

Support is sought elsewhere, and along with the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe8 and other European bodies and national governments,
  •  such as those in Belgium and the Netherlands,
  •  such programs persevere as Eastern Europe melts its borders with a growing influence from the European Union.


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CAUSAL FACTOR IN MALDOVA


Moldova is a relatively new country, having proclaimed its sovereignty in 1990 and gaining its independence from the Soviet Union on August 27, 1991.

Despite the benefits of this independence:
  •  almost one-quarter of the population now lives below the poverty line.
  •  Women account for nearly two-thirds of all unemployed people nationwide, but this rate is as high as 5% or 90% in some regions of the Russian Federation of Moldova
  •  In 1996, 87% of Russia’s employed urban residents whose monthly income was less than 100,000 rubles (US$21) were women
  • Unemployment, inflation, income differentials, and poverty have increased, and as a result of conflict and economic change, living conditions and access to services have all deteriorated.
  • Trafficking is an issue encompassing



ECONOMICS

In the stricter sense, the feminization of poverty refers to the fact that women, despite supporting themselves or their families, are becoming the majority of the world’s poor.

Despite their rising level of education (soviet precollapse), today’s women are employed in jobs that are below their level of skill and that result in lower rates of pay representing 68% in 1997 of the total number of unemployed persons in Moldova and earning 60%–70% of men’s average salary

However, even now the issue remains pertinent the loss of jobs among Moldovan women was three times that of men in the late 1990s


VIOLENCE

Level of education of the perpetrators is relatively even across all levels, and the prejudice that violence is more often present among uneducated people has not been confirmed.

As a form of dominance, male violence against women DOES NOT RELATE TO THE EDUCATION of the victim or the perpetrator but, rather, to GENDER STATUS ALONE.

Violent behavior is often “inherited” by men from their older male relatives through social learning and culturally accepted beliefs and stereotypes.

Police officers, most of them male, often accept the excuse used by the perpetrators that the wife’s attitude had provoked them.
  • Figures suggest that 30% of all abused women share the information with a family member or friend but only 9% visit a doctor

 Most of the women who have been trafficked from Moldova claim that the reasons they chose to leave their country:
 “did not necessarily include seeking a better life somewhere else but did include escaping the terrible life they had at home.”

The results of the survey showed that physical violence is often associated with sexual violence. On the whole, 4% of the women interviewed indicated that they had been forced into sexual intercourse at some point.


SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHT

The lack of financial resources and poor infrastructure in Moldova represent serious obstacles to finding solutions to education and poverty, which affect approximately 80% of the population.
  • 1.7% of all children in Moldova receive no education at all or dropped out of school.
  • Girls and women are socialized to be less assertive and encouraged to take up gender-specific occupations and to have a successful marriage and family life.
  • Moreover, the education system in Moldova has received less and less money from the state in recent years
  •  At the same time, many people living in rural areas do not receive their wages for more than 6 months or so each year, and whatever they produce is used merely to feed their families not to pay for excess costs such as schooling.


Reportedly between 600,000 and 1 million persons have left the country to find work abroad.
  
The rate of unemployment in 1998:
·         for women was 17.8%, compared with 10.2% for men.
·         This figure for women represents a significant increase since 1994, when it was only 8.9%.
·         Industrial sectors, such as light industry, which traditionally employed about 80%–85% women were the hardest hit.

Although economic stability is not assured by the open market, periodic inflation and mass unemployment significantly affect the structure of the active population, and particularly the women’s situation within the economy.


CORRUPTION AND ORGANIZED CRIME
With the state-run agencies having little or no money, many civil servants are not getting paid for several months at a time. This includes teachers, police, and border patrol officers,

With organized criminal groups having strong ties throughout Europe and the financial means to continue in their lucrative practices, such underpaid employees are susceptible to bribes and corruption.

Organized criminal groups have a strong hold on many Eastern European cities, easily forcing women into prostitution.



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Where the trafficking victims coming from??

Countries of Origin
Ninety percent of foreign migrant sex workers in the Balkan countries are victims of trafficking, and at least 50,000 women are taken out of Russia each year and made slaves abroad.

For instance, in Israel, which is the main market for Russian prostitutes, 46% of prostitutes originated from Moldova, 25% from the Ukraine, and 13% from Russia and the Central Asian
Republics.

An estimated 20–30 women and girls return to Moldova each month from being trafficked abroad, and most of them are coming back from the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Albania.

  
Transit and Destination Countries
With the additional presence of international forces and their families, international currency, and copious spending, demand on the sex industry increased.
  •  60%–80% of women trafficked to Germany and one-fifth of all female dancer visas issued by Switzerland during 1997 were for Russian women.

Scanlan’s study (2002) found that, where Moldovan family members abroad, the destination countries were primarily:
·         Female: Turkey, Greece, and Italy, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Romania, the Ukraine, and the United Kingdom
·         Male: Russia.

Immigrants made up 90% of the prostitutes in Italy, 85% in Austria, 68% in the Netherlands, 62% in northern Germany, 50% in Spain, 45% in Belgium, 32% in southern Germany, and 25% in Norway and Sweden

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Trafficking in Women for the Sex Industry in Moldova

Moldova 

The study of human trafficking in Moldova is of particular importance because:
·         Moldova is a post-Soviet transition country and is an origination country for women who have been trafficked as a result of,
·         among other reasons, unstable economic conditions and the absence of the rule of law.

Since its independence, Moldova has remained a country in which:
·         women’s rights are not acknowledged,
·         the feminization of poverty defines women’s life decisions,
·         corruption reigns, and
·         the government remains reluctant to acknowledge its role in the prevention and prosecution of trafficking in women.


The trafficking of women for the sex industry in Europe has experienced a boom of productivity and exploitation since the collapse of the communist system in the former Soviet bloc and elsewhere in Eastern Europe. As a result of the resulting shift in the political climate and economy (from a socialist to a capitalist system),
·         levels of unemployment and poverty have skyrocketed,
·         the rule of law has collapsed, and inappropriate judicial systems have allowed the black market economy and corruption to flourish.
o   The smuggling of goods, arms, and people;
o   corrupt state employees; organized crime groups; and
o   an acceptance of illegal ways to earn money have unfortunately become the new norm in this region.


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